Determinantes sociais de saúde de crianças em consulta de puericultura: das condições socioeconômicas aos aspectos relacionados à saúde bucal / Social determinants of health of children in child care consultation: from socioeconomic conditions to aspects related to oral health / Determinantes sociales de la salud de los niños en la consulta infantil: de las condiciones socioeconómicas a los aspectos relacionados con la salud bucal

A imaturidade do sistema imunológico, associado a Determinantes Sociais de Saúde (DSS), promove doenças na infância. Especificamente, na cavidade oral, os DSS, representados pelo consumo elevado de açúcar, limitado acesso aos serviços de saúde e deficiência na higiene bucal, favorecem transtornos locais e sistêmicos. Assim, o estudo objetivou associar os DSS, no contexto das condições socioeconômicas, do acompanhamento pelo serviço de saúde e dos aspectos relacionados à saúde bucal de crianças atendidas em Unidades Básicas de Saúde (UBS) de um município cearense. Trata-se de estudo observacional, analítico, transversal e de abordagem quantitativa, conduzido com crianças e suas mães em Acarape - CE. Após consentimento, essas preencheram um questionário. Os dados foram analisados. Das 70 mães, 87,14% e 90,00% tinham idade inferior ou igual a 30 anos e renda de até um salário mínimo, respectivamente. Das 70 crianças, 87,14% tinham seus dentes/gengiva higienizados por seus pais ou responsável. Do total, 94,29% nunca se submeteram a atendimento odontológico. Observou-se associação significativa entre a mãe ter escolaridade superior ao ensino fundamental incompleto e higienizar os dentes/gengiva do filho com escova dental e dentifrício. Constatou-se associação significativa entre a criança ingerir bolacha doce/recheada, não consumir refrigerante e usar escova dental e dentifrício na higienização oral. Conclui-se que as crianças eram acompanhadas nas UBS regularmente; no entanto, esse serviço não esteve relacionado ao atendimento odontológico. Apesar da ausência desse tipo de acompanhamento e do consumo de alimentos cariogênicos, as mães se preocupavam com a saúde bucal das crianças, higienizando a cavidade oral diariamente, com meios adequados.

The immaturity of the immune system, associated with Social Determi- nants of Health (SDH), promotes diseases in childhood. Specifically, in the oral cavity, SDH, represented by high sugar consumption, limited access to health services, and poor oral hygiene, favors local and systemic disorders. Thus, the study aimed to associate the SDH, in the context of socioeconomic conditions, monitoring by the health service and aspects related to children's oral health assisted in Basic Health Units (BHU) of a muni- cipality in Ceará. This is an observational, analytical, cross-sectional study with a quan- titative approach conducted with children and their mothers in Acarape - CE. After con- sent, they filled out a questionnaire. Data were analyzed. Of the 70 mothers, 87.14% and 90.00% were aged less than or equal to 30 years and had income up to one minimum wage, respectively. Of the 70 children, 87.14% had their teeth/gums cleaned by their pa- rents or guardian. Of the total, 94.29% never underwent dental care. There was a signifi- cant association between the mother having higher education than incomplete elementary school and cleaning the child's teeth/gums with a toothbrush and toothpaste. A significant association was found between the child eating sweet/stuffed biscuits, not consuming soft drink, and using a toothbrush and dentifrice for oral hygiene. It is concluded that the chil- dren were regularly monitored at the BHU; however, this service was not related to dental care. Despite the absence of this type of follow-up and the consumption of cariogenic foods, the mothers were concerned about their children's oral health, cleaning the oral cavity daily with adequate means.

La inmadurez del sistema inmunológico, asociada a los Determinantes So- ciales de la Salud (DSS), promueve enfermedades en la infancia. Específicamente, en la cavidad bucal, los DSS, representados por el alto consumo de azúcar, el acceso limitado a los servicios de salud y la mala higiene bucal, favorecen los trastornos locales y sisté- micos. Así, el estudio tuvo como objetivo asociar el DSS, en el contexto de las condicio- nes socioeconómicas, el seguimiento por el servicio de salud y los aspectos relacionados con la salud bucal de los niños atendidos en las Unidades Básicas de Salud (UBS) de un municipio de Ceará. Se trata de un estudio observacional, analítico, transversal con enfo- que cuantitativo, realizado con niños y sus madres en Acarape ­ CE. Después del consen- timiento, completaron un cuestionario. Los datos fueron analizados. De las 70 madres, 87,14% y 90,00% tenían edad menor o igual a 30 años e ingresos hasta un salario mínimo, respectivamente. De los 70 niños, al 87,14% se les limpió los dientes/encías por sus pa- dres o tutores. Del total, el 94,29% nunca realizó atención odontológica. Hubo una aso- ciación significativa entre la madre con educación superior a la primaria incompleta y la limpieza de los dientes/encías del niño con cepillo y pasta dental. Se encontró una asoci- ación significativa entre el niño que come galletas dulces/rellenas, no consume gaseosas y usa cepillo de dientes y dentífrico para la higiene bucal. Se concluyó que los niños eran monitoreados periódicamente en la UBS; sin embargo, este servicio no estaba relacionado con el cuidado dental. A pesar de la ausencia de este tipo de seguimiento y del consumo de alimentos cariogénicos, las madres se preocupan por la salud bucal de sus hijos, reali- zando la limpieza de la cavidad bucal diariamente, con medios adecuados.

Pénfigo vulgar y su manejo integral: reporte de dos casos y revisión de literatura / Pemphigus Vulgaris and its Comprehensive Management: Report of Two Cases and Literature Review

Resumen En la cavidad oral se pueden presentar lesiones en gíngiva que no están asociadas a placa bacteriana, las cuales requieren de un adecuado diagnóstico y tratamiento. La gingivitis descamativa está usualmente relacionada con desórdenes mucocutáneos, como el pénfigo vulgar (PV), donde las lesiones orales incluyendo las lesiones gingivales, pueden preceder las lesiones cutáneas. El manejo es multidisciplinario y el tratamiento incluye terapia farmacológica tópica y sistémica, se requiere un adecuado control de la placa bacteriana por parte del paciente y una estricta supervisión en el tiempo por parte del profesional para el mantenimiento y estabilidad de los tejidos gingivales. Se presentan dos casos clínicos de pacientes con diagnóstico de PV los cuales fueron manejados de manera oportuna e integral para controlar y estabilizar el factor sistémico y local.

Abstract In the oral cavity, gingiva lesions may occur that are not associated with bacterial plaque, which require adequate diagnosis and treatment. Desquamative gingivitis is usually related to mucocutaneous disorders, such as pemphigus vulgaris (PV), where oral lesions, including gingival lesions, may precede skin lesions. Management is multidisciplinary and treatment includes topical and systemic pharmacological therapy, require adequate control of dental plaque by the patient and strict supervision over time by the professional for the maintenance and stability of the gingival tissues. Two clinical cases of patients with a diagnosis of PV are presented, which were managed in a timely and integral way to control and stabilize the systemic and local factor.

Creencias en salud bucal en personas que asisten a una facultad de odontología. Estudio cualitativo

Objetivo: Explorar las creencias en salud bucal de personas que asisten como pacientes a una facultad de odontología de una universidad privada regional chilena. Metodología: Estudio cualitativo que exploró las creencias acerca de salud bucal de 11 personas que asistían por tratamiento a una universidad privada chilena, a través de entrevistas semi-estructuradas, transcritas verbatim. Se realizó análisis de contenido en Atlas-ti 8.4, construyendo categorías y subcategorías, tanto predeterminadas como emergentes. Se realizó triangulación entre los investigadores. Se contó con la autorización del comité de ética e investigación y se realizó consentimiento informado. Resultados: Se generaron cinco categorías: creencias sobre caries dental, creencias sobre enfermedad periodontal, creencias sobre pérdida dentaria, creencias sobre higiene bucal y origen de las creencias en salud bucal, reflejando creencias en salud variadas, nutridas principalmente de su entorno cercano y no profesional. Conclusión: Las personas que acuden a una facultad de odontología por atención presentan creencias en salud más ajustadas a caries, que a periodontitis y a pérdida dentaria. El origen de las creencias usualmente es la familia y conocidos, más que de profesionales.

Aim: To explore the beliefs in oral health of people who attend a dental school of a private regional Chilean university as patients. Methods: A qualitative study explored the beliefs about oral health of 11 people attending a private Chilean university for treatment, through semi-structured interviews, transcribed verbatim. The content was analyzed in Atlas-ti 8.4, building predetermined and emerging categories and subcategories. Triangulation was carried out among the researchers. The study was authorized by the Ethics and Research Committee and informed consent was obtained. Results: Five categories were generated: beliefs about dental caries, beliefs about periodontal disease, beliefs about tooth loss, beliefs about oral care, and origin of beliefs in oral health. Varied health beliefs were reflected, influenced mainly by their close and non-professional environment. Conclusions: People who attend a dental school for care present health beliefs more related to caries than to periodontitis, oral care, and tooth loss. The origin of the beliefs is usually family and acquaintances, rather than dentists.

Effects of the Finishing Protocols and Oral Hygiene Procedures in the Microhardness and Surface Roughness of CAD/CAM Ceramics

ABSTRACT: The objective of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effects of finishing protocols and oral hygiene procedures on the surface and mechanical properties of CAD/CAM ceramics. Specimens (n = 96, (15x10x2mm) of the leucite glass-ceramic (LGC) and feldspathic ceramic (FP) received mechanical polishing or glazing. Surface roughness (Ra) and microhardness (VHN) were obtained with a profilometer and a hardness tester, respectively, before and after each oral hygiene procedure (TB: toothbrushing; PB: prophylaxis with paste and rubber cup; and BJ: prophylaxis with bicarbonate jet). ANOVA, paired t and Tukey's tests were applied (a=0.05). For both materials, only BJ affected Ra's values when mechanical polishing was performed. Moreover, no significant variations in VHN were observed only for LGC glazed with TB. Significant Ra and VHN changes in both materials were observed with BJ. Besides, BJ exhibited similar effects to TB on VHN, regardless of the material and finishing protocol used. Changes in mechanical and surface properties varied with the finishing protocol and the oral hygiene method. In general, prophylaxis with bicarbonate jet was the most harmful method for both materials and the type of finishing protocol did not have a protective effect against changes produced by oral hygiene methods.

RESUMEN: El objetivo de este estudio in vitro fue evaluar los efectos de los protocolos de acabado y los procedimientos de higiene oral sobre la superficie y las propiedades mecánicas de las cerámicas CAD/CAM. Los especímenes (n = 96, (15x10x2mm) de vitrocerámica de leucita (LGC) y cerámica feldespática (FP) recibieron pulido mecánico o glaseado. La rugosidad de la superficie (Ra) y la microdureza (VHN) se obtuvieron con un perfilómetro y un probador de dureza, respectivamente, antes y después de cada procedimiento de higiene oral (TB: cepillado dental; PB: profilaxis con pasta y vaso de hule; y BJ: profilaxis con chorro de bicarbonato). Se aplicaron ANOVA, t pareada y prueba de Tukey (a=0.05). Para ambos materiales, solo BJ afectó los valores de Ra cuando se realizó el pulido mecánico. Además, no se observaron variaciones significativas en VHN solo para LGC vidriado con TB. Se observaron cambios significativos de Ra y VHN en ambos materiales con BJ. Además, BJ exhibió efectos similares a TB en VHN, independientemente del material y protocolo de acabado utilizado Los cambios en las propiedades mecánicas y superficiales variaron con el protocolo de acabado y el método de higiene oral. En general, la profilaxis con chorro de bicarbonato fue el método más perjudicial, tanto los materiales como el tipo de protocolo de acabado no tuvieron un efecto protector frente a los cambios producidos por los métodos de higiene oral.

Virtual reality in oral hygiene instruction: an immersive approach / Realidad virtual en la enseñanza de la higiene bucal: un enfoque inmersivo

Abstract Currently, oral health issues are increasingly been addressed and virtual reality (VR) is being used as an aid in health areas. However, there is little evidence of VR being used in preventing oral health problems. To evaluate the effectiveness of VR in oral hygiene education. Three hundred pupils, aged between 9 and 12 years, received instructions in oral hygiene by immersion VR and they gave their opinions about the performed activities. Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests were applied, with a significance level of 5%. Part perception of oral hygiene showed no statistically significant difference (P>0.550). There was an increase in the use of dental floss (P<0.001), tongue brushing (P<0.001), and tooth brushing (P<0.001). Both drawings and comments made by participants related to oral hygiene were positive regarding the project. Conclusions: The use of VR in oral hygiene instruction was effective. Most participants increased brushing and flossing frequency and produced drawings related to oral hygiene. VR is effective and should be used in dentistry for teaching and prevention , especially with children, as it presents an interactive instructional space that can be approached in a playful way. This study presents dentists with a promising alternative for changing oral hygiene habits.

Resumen Actualmente, los problemas de salud bucal se abordan cada vez más y la realidad virtual (RV) se utiliza como ayuda en las áreas de salud. Sin embargo, hay poca evidencia de que la RV se utilice para prevenir problemas de salud bucal. Evaluar la efectividad de la RV en la educación en higiene bucal. Trescientos alumnos, con edades comprendidas entre los 9 y los 12 años, recibieron instrucciones en higiene bucal por inmersión VR y opinaron sobre las actividades realizadas. Se aplicaron las pruebas de Chi-cuadrado y exacta de Fisher, con un nivel de significancia del 5%. La percepción parcial de la higiene bucal no mostró diferencias estadísticamente significativas (P>0,550). Hubo un aumento en el uso de hilo dental (P<0,001), cepillado de la lengua (P<0,001) y cepillado de dientes (P<0,001). Tanto los dibujos como los comentarios de los participantes relacionados con la higiene bucal fueron positivos con respecto al proyecto. Conclusiones: El uso de la RV en la instrucción de higiene bucal fue eficaz. La mayoría de los participantes aumentaron la frecuencia de cepillado y uso del hilo dental y produjeron dibujos relacionados con la higiene bucal. La realidad virtual es eficaz y debe utilizarse en odontología para la enseñanza y la prevención, especialmente con los niños, ya que presenta un espacio educativo interactivo que se puede abordar de manera lúdica. Este estudio presenta a los odontólogos una alternativa prometedora para cambiar los hábitos de higiene bucal.

Eficácia da Clorexidina na Higiene Bucal para Prevenção de Pneumonia Associada a Ventilação Mecânica / Effectiveness of Chlorexidine in Bucal Hygiene for the Prevention of Pneumonia Associated with Mechanical Ventilation / Eficacia de la Clorhexidina en la Higiene Bucal para la Prevención de Neumonía Asociada a la Ventilación Mecánica: Revisión Narrativa

Objetivo: Analisar as evidências disponíveis sobre a eficácia da clorexidina na higiene bucal para prevenção de pneumonia associada a ventilação mecânica (PAVM). Método: estudo de revisão de literatura, tipo narrativa, no qual foram avaliadas as publicações referentes ao período de 2008 a 2021, indexados na Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS) no State National Library of Medicine (PubMed/MEDLINE). Resultados: Seleção de 18 artigos, categorizados em duas amostras de acordo com o controle do biofilme bucal, classificados em nível de evidência e sumarizados. Conclusão: Apesar das pesquisas sobre os cuidados orais e PAVM serem abundantes, existe uma falta de consenso em relação a frequência, aos dispositivos mecânicos e a concentração da clorexidina. Quanto ao controle químico, a clorexidina, seja na forma de gel ou como enxaguante nas concentrações de 0,12% ou 0,2%, administrados a cada doze horas reduziram a ocorrência da PAVM. Enquanto os métodos mecânico/químico mais adequados são aqueles que oferecem a escovação associada a sucção, em um mesmo dispositivo, seja escova ou esponja de sucção, ambas associadas ao uso da clorexidina.

Objective: to analyse the available evidences on the efficacy of chlorhexidine in oral hygiene aiming to prevent cases of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). Method: study of literature review, narrative type, in which papers from 2008 to 2021, published in the Virtual Health Library (VHL) in the State National Library of Medicine (PubMed/MEDLINE) were analysed. Results: Selection of 18 papers, categorized in two samples according to the control of oral biofilm, then classified by level of evidence and summarized. Conclusion: In spite of research on oral care and VAP being plenty, it lacks consensus regarding mechanical devices and concentration of chlorhexidine. As for chemical control, chlorhexidine, whether given as gel or mouthwash in concentration levels of 0.12% or 0.2%, being given every twelve hours, has decreased the ocurrence of VAP, while the most suitable mechanical/chemical methods are those that provide brushing and succion in the same device, whether by brush or suction sponge, both associated with the use of chorexidine.

Objetivo: analizar las evidencias disponibles sobre la eficacia de la clorhexidina en la higiene bucal para prevención de neumonía asociada a ventilación mecánica (NAVM). Métodos: estudio de revisión de la literatura, tipo narrativa, en el cual fueron evaluadas las publicaciones que hacen referencia al periodo de 2008 a 2021, indexados en la Biblioteca Virtual en Salud (BVS) de la Biblioteca Nacional Estatal de Medicina (PubMed/MEDLINE). Resultados: Selección de 18 artículos, categorizados en dos muestras de acuerdo con el control de biopelícula oral, clasificados por nivel de evidencia y sumariados. Conclusión: A pesar de que las investigaciones sobre los cuidados orales y NAVM son abundantes, hay una falta de consenso en lo que concierne a la frecuencia, los dispositivos mecánicos y la concentración de clorhexidina. Respecto al control químico, la clorhexidina, sea en la forma de gel sea como enjuague en las concentraciones de 0,12% o 0,2%, administrados a cada doce horas redujeron la ocurrencia de NAVM. Mientras los métodos mecánicos/químicos más adecuados son los que ofrecen el cepillado asociado a la succión, en un mismo dispositivo, por cepillo o esponja de succión, ambos asociados al uso de clorhexidina.

The impact of oral hygiene instruction on plaque control in orthodontic patients: a cross-sectional study / O impacto da instrução de higiene oral no controle da placa bacteriana em pacientes ortodônticos: um estudo transversal

Objective: Deficient dental plaque control is common in adolescents, mainly among those wearing orthodontic apparatus. This study aimed to compare plaque control and oral hygiene habits in adolescents with and without fixed orthodontic appliances. Additionally, it was investigated whether personalized oral hygiene instruction (OHI) could be a predictor for reducing dental plaque accumulation in orthodontic patients. Material and Methods: Sixty-nine patients, aged 12 to 20 years, were evaluated in a public organization which provides dental care. A questionnaire of oral hygiene habits was applied, and the number of natural teeth and number of teeth with visible biofilm were obtained during clinical examination. A comparative analysis of sociodemographic and clinical data was performed, splitting this population into two groups: those who used fixed orthodontic appliances (n=40) and those who did not (n=29). Results: There were no differences in oral hygiene habits among groups. The Poisson regression showed that adolescents with fixed appliances were 54% more likely to have dental plaque buildup compared to those who did not. Among individuals wearing orthodontic appliance, those who had not received personalized OHI before or during orthodontic treatment were 78% more likely to have a greater number of teeth with bacterial plaque compared to instructed ones. Conclusion: Especially among the adolescents wearing fixed orthodontic appliances, those who have not received personalized OHI were almost twice as likely to have a greater number of teeth with dental biofilm accumulation. Dentists and dental hygienists play a prominent role in motivating and improving the quality of individual oral hygiene (AU)

Objetivo: O controle deficiente da placa dental é comum em adolescentes, principalmente entre aqueles que usam aparelhos ortodônticos. Este estudo teve como objetivo comparar o controle da placa e os hábitos de higiene oral em adolescentes com e sem aparelhos ortodônticos fixos. Além disso, foi investigado se a instrução de higiene oral (IHO) personalizada poderia ser um preditor para reduzir o acúmulo de placa dental em pacientes ortodônticos. Material e métodos: Sessenta e nove pacientes, de 12 a 20 anos, foram avaliados em uma organização pública que presta atendimento odontológico. Foi aplicado um questionário sobre hábitos de higiene oral, e o número de dentes naturais e o número de dentes com biofilme visível foram obtidos durante o exame clínico. Foi realizada uma análise comparativa dos dados sociodemográficos e clínicos, dividindo essa população em dois grupos: aqueles que usavam aparelhos ortodônticos fixos (n = 40) e aqueles que não o usavam (n = 29). Resultados: Não houve diferenças nos hábitos de higiene oral entre os grupos. A regressão de Poisson mostrou que os adolescentes que tinham aparelhos fixos apresentaram 54% mais chance de ter mais acúmulo de placa dental comparados aos que não tinham. Entre os indivíduos que usavam aparelhos ortodônticos, aqueles que não receberam IHO personalizada antes ou durante o tratamento ortodôntico apresentaram 78% mais chance de ter maior número de dentes com placa bacteriana em comparação com os que a receberam. Conclusão: Especialmente entre os adolescentes que usavam aparelhos ortodônticos fixos, aqueles que não receberam IHO personalizada tiveram quase duas vezes mais chances de ter um número maior de dentes com acúmulo de biofilme dental. Dentistas e higienistas dentais desempenham um papel proeminente na motivação e na melhoria da qualidade da higiene oral do indivíduo. (AU)

The oral microbiota: a literature review for updating profesional s in dentistry-Part II / La microbiota oral: una revisión de literatura para la actualización de profesionales en odontología-Parte II

ABSTRACT: In the first part of this literature review, published in October 2019 in this journal, we summarized the conceptual background of the oral microbiota, and the main methods used in microbiology to characterize oral organisms. We also presented the most studied bacteria species in the oral microbiota. In this second part, we will discuss the evidence regarding the biological plausibility linking the oral microbiota dysbiosis and systemic diseases, as well as the main factors and mechanisms suspected in this association.

RESUMEN: En la primera parte de esta revisión de literatura, publicada en esta revista en octubre de 2019, se resumieron los antecedentes conceptuales de la microbiota oral y describieron los principales métodos utilizados en microbiología para caracterizar los microorganismos orales. Asimismo, se presentaron las especies bacterianas mejor estudiadas de la microbiota oral. En esta segunda parte, se explorará la plausibilidad biológica que vincularía la disbiosis de la microbiota oral y las enfermedades sistémicas, así como las características que podrían influenciar la composición de la microbiota oral.

Nivel de higiene y prevalencia de Porphyromona gingivalis y Fusobacterium nucleatum en pacientes recuperados de SARS-CoV-2 / Hygiene level and prevalence of Porphyromona gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum in recovered SARS-CoV-2 patients

Introducción: El SARS-CoV-2 afecta el sistema respiratorio en diferentes grados. La cavidad oral es el lugar más colonizado por bacterias, por lo tanto, al no tener una adecuada higiene pueden presentarse diferentes enfermedades secundarias, lo que ha causado alerta en el gremio odontológico, ya que puede contribuir a complicaciones posteriores en los pacientes. Material y métodos: El estudio fue conformado por 47 pacientes voluntarios recuperados de SARS-CoV-2, residentes de Montemorelos, Nuevo León, México, donde fueron atendidos en Bucalia Dent, consultorio dental. Después del consentimiento informado de cada paciente, se realizó una historia clínica para conocer los síntomas, enfermedades sistémicas, ausencia de dientes y nivel de inflamación gingival de acuerdo al índice de Loe y Silness. A continuación, se tomó una muestra de biofilm microbiano (placa dentobacteriana), la cual se suspendió en una solución buffer de fosfato, posteriormente fue llevada al Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ciencias de la Salud (CIDICS), Monterrey, N.L, México. Se extrajo DNA y se purificó, después se realizó PCR para detectar los patógenos orales; la PCR se visualizó en gel de agarosa (1.5%) por tinción de bromuro de etidio. Resultados: Se detectó 80.85% Porphyromona gingivalis y 68.09% Fusobacterium nucleatum en pacientes recuperados de SARS-CoV-2; 23.4% presentaron inflamación leve de acuerdo al índice de Loe y Silness, 54.5% fueron masculinos y 45.5% femeninos. Por otro lado, 36.4% de los pacientes con inflamación leve tenían de cuatro a seis dientes ausentes. En estos pacientes se detectó 18.18% únicamente con Fusobacterium nucleatum y 27.27% sólo con Porphyromona gingivalis; el sexo masculino tuvo predisposición en 66.6% y el femenino en 33.33%. Se observó infección con los dos patógenos presentes en 45.45%; y 60% de estos pacientes fueron masculinos. Conclusiones: Los pacientes recuperados de SARSCoV- 2 analizados en esta investigación mostraron mala higiene oral y alta prevalencia de los patógenos mencionados altamente relacionados a inflamación gingival o enfermedad periodontal, lo que nos indica que es indispensable la intervención del odontólogo al finalizar el periodo de infección de cada paciente (AU)

Introduction: SARS-CoV-2 affects the respiratory system to different degrees. The oral cavity is a colonized place by bacterias, therefore, by not having good hygiene, different secondary diseases can occur; this has caused an alert in the dental industry, since it can contribute to later complications in patients. Material and methods: The study was conducted in 47 SARS-CoV-2 recovered volunteers from the Montemorelos city of the Nuevo León state, Mexico, who were attended at the Bucalia Dent dental clinic. An informed consent was obtained from each of the patients, then their clinical history was documented in order to know the symptoms, previous systemic diseases, absence of teeth and degree of gingival inflammation, as suggested by Loe and Silness. Subsequently, a dental plaque sample was taken from all patients, which was suspended in a phosphate buffered solution and shipped to The Center for Research and Development in Health Sciences (CIDICS), Monterrey, NL, Mexico for storage. DNA extraction and purification was performed and PCR was carried out for the oral pathogens detection. All PCR products were visualized on 1.5% agarose gel by ethidium bromide staining. Results: Porphyromona gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum were detected in 80.85% and 68.09% of SARS-CoV-2 recovered patients, respectively. 23.4% showed mild inflammation based on the Loe and Silness criteria, 54.5% were male and 45.5% female. On the other hand, 36.4% of patients with mild inflammation had between 4 to 6 missing teeth. A single infection by Fusobacterium nucleatum was detected in 18.18% and by Porphyromona gingivalis in 27.27%; the male sex had a predisposition with 66.66% and 33.33% female; coinfection of both pathogens was observed in 45.45% where 60% were male. Conclusions: SARS-CoV-2 recovered patients show poor oral hygiene and a high prevalence of oral pathogens related to the development of inflammatory gingival or periodontal disease, this suggests the need for an odontological clinical intervention at the end of the course of infection or disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 (AU)

Índice CPOD y ceo-d en niños de 5 a 8 años de una escuela en una localidad de Ecuador / CPOD and ceo-d index in children between 5 and 8 years old from a school in a locality in Ecuador

Las enfermedades orales son las más comunes de las enfermedades crónicas y uno de los problemas más importantes de salud pública debido a su prevalencia, su impacto en los individuos y la sociedad y el costo de su tratamiento. En el caso de los niños este efecto se multiplica por las consecuencias que se derivan para la edad adulta. El objetivo de este estudio fue estimar los índices ceo-d en niños escolares de 5 a 8 años en la Unidad Educativa "Alejandro Dávalos Calle", Ecuador. Para ello, bajo una investigación exploratoria, descriptiva, no experimental, de campo y de corte transversal. Se seleccionó como población los niños entre 5 y 8 años de edad en el periodo académico 2017-2018; la muestra estuvo conformada por 96 niños de ambos sexos, previo a consentimiento informado y cumpliendo las normas de bioéticas. Se realizaron revisión de historia clínica de los infantes y se les aplico encuestas validadas por expertos, a estudiantes, representantes y docentes. Se obtuvo prevalencia a caries en el 100% de los niños, 47% con dientes obturados y 64% perdieron piezas dentales, no se encontró evidencia estadísticamente significativa entre la presencia de caries y el sexo. El CEOD moderado, identificándose como factores de riesgos el desconocimiento de las medidas higiénicas bucal, baja frecuencia en la revisión odontológica y una dieta altamente cariogénica en estos niños. Se recomienda diseñar campañas educativas integrales que oriente a buenas prácticas de higiene bucal con el objetivo de prevenir y minimizar el número de personas afectadas por este mal(AU)

Oral diseases are the most common of the chronic diseases and one of the most important public health problems due to their prevalence, their impact on individuals and society, and the cost of their treatment. In the case of children, this effect is multiplied by the consequences that are derived for adulthood. The objective of this study was to estimate the ceo-d indices in school children aged 5 to 8 years at the "Alejandro Dávalos Calle" Educational Unit, Ecuador. For this, under an exploratory, descriptive, non-experimental, field and cross-sectional investigation. Children between 5 and 8 years of age in the academic period 2017-2018 were selected as the population; The sample consisted of 96 children of both sexes, prior to informed consent and complying with bioethical norms. The infants' clinical history was reviewed and surveys validated by experts, students, representatives, and teachers were applied. Caries prevalence was obtained in 100% of the children, 47% with filled teeth and 64% lost teeth, no statistically significant evidence was found between the presence of caries and sex. The CEOD is high, identifying as risk factors the ignorance of oral hygiene measures, low frequency in dental check-ups and a highly cariogenic diet in these children. It is recommended to design comprehensive educational campaigns that guide good oral hygiene practices in order to prevent and minimize the number of people affected by this disease(AU)

Effect of a Prebrushing Mouthwash on Color Stability of Composite Resins / Efeito de um Evidenciador de Placa na Estabilidade de Cor de Resinas Compostas

Despite composite resins capacity to mimic dental tissues, they can discolor over time. However, there is no information on the effect of prebrushing mouthwashes on the composite resin staining. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of prebrushing mouthwashes on the color stability of three composite resins. Twenty specimens of each resin were prepared: Filtek Z250 (3M ESPE ­S Paul, MN, USA), Charisma (Heraeus Kulzer GmbH - Hanau - Germany) e EvoluX (Dentsply- Petrópolis - Brazil). Groups were randomly divided accord to the treatment: immersion in prebrushing mouthwash (test group) or immersion in deionized water (control group). Test groups were immersed in 10 ml of prebrushing mouthwash Plax Magic (Colgate-Palmolive, São Bernardo do Campo, SP, Brazil) for 60 s three times a day during 35 days following the manufacturer's instructions. Color measurements were performed after 24 h of specimen's preparation and after 7, 14, 21, and 35 days of immersion time. Results showed that prebrushing mouthwash Plax Magic promoted a color change in all the tested materials and evaluation time. The color change was greater in composite resin Charisma, followed by Z250 and EvoluX. Therefore, prebrushing mouthwash promoted a color change in all the materials used. Composite resin Charisma demonstrated less color stability than Filtek Z250 resin and EvoluX resin, which was the most stable. (AU)

Apesar da capacidade das resinas compostas de mimetizar os tecidos dentais, esses materiais podem ter sua cor alterada com o tempo. No entanto, não há informação na literatura sobre o efeito de evidenciadores de placa na estabilidade de cor desses materiais. Este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar o efeito de um evidenciador de placa na estabilidade de cor e três resinas compostas. Para isso, 20 espécimes de cada resina foram preparados: Filtek Z250 (3M ESPE ­S Paul, MN, EUA), Charisma (Heraeus Kulzer GmbH - Hanau - Alemanha) e EvoluX (Dentsply- Petrópolis - Brasil). Os grupos foram aleatoriamente divididos de acordo com o tratamento a ser submetido: imersão no evidenciador de placa (grupo teste) ou imersão em água deionizada (grupo controle). Os grupos teste foram imersos em 10 ml do evidenciador de placa Plax Magic (Colgate Palmolive, São Bernardo do Campo, SP, Brasil) por 60 s três vezes por dia durante 35 dias, de acordo com a orientações de uso do fabricante. As leituras de cor foram feitas após 24 h da preparação dos espécimes e após 7, 14, 21 e 35 dias de imersão. Os resultados mostraram que o evidenciador de placa Plax Magic promoveu alteração de cor em todos os materiais usados e em todos os tempos de leitura. A alteração de cor foi maior na resina Charisma, seguida da Z250 e EvoluX. Portanto, o evidenciador de placa promove alteração de cor em todos os materiais testados. A resina composta Charisma demonstrou menor estabilidade de cor que as resinas Z250 e EvoluX, que, por sua vez, foi a mais estável. (AU)

Indicadores de salud oral en niños y adolescentes con parálisis cerebral de centros especializados de Lima- Perú, periodo 2012- 2013 / Oral health indicators in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy from specialized centers of Lima- Peru, 2012- 2013 period

Objetivo. Evaluar indicadores de salud oral en niños y adolescentes con parálisis cerebral en Lima-Perú. Métodos. Estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal de una muestra de 171 pacientes de dos centros de referencia nacional especializados, periodo 2012- 2013, que cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. Para los índices de higiene oral (IHO) de Greene & Vermillion, índice de dientes cariados, perdidos y obturados (CPOD) y análisis de maloclusión dentaria (MD) se evaluaron 126 niños (6,0-11,9 años) y 45 adolescentes (12,0-19,0 años). Resultados. El IHO fue de 2,55 (malo) en el 91,8%, IHO regular en el 8,2% y ninguno mostró IHO bueno, observándose el mismo comportamiento en ambos grupos etarios. La prevalencia de caries fue 100% y CPOD de 4,55 ±1,56; los niños registraron CPOD de 4,52 ±1,537 y los adolescentes CPOD de 4,64 ±1,626. El 74,3% mostró MD, los niños evidenciaron MD en el 69,8% y los adolescentes mostraron 86,7%. En los niños, se observó relación molar (RM) Clase I derecha en el 42,1% e izquierda en el 44,4%; los adolescentes evidenciaron RM Clase III derecha en el 42,2% e izquierda en el 37,8%. Para los niños, el overbite (OB) no fue registrable en el 33,3% y normal en el 29,4%; en adolescentes, se registró OB normal en el 40%. Se observó con mayor frecuencia línea media dentaria desviada hacia el lado izquierdo. Conclusiones. En la mayoría de niños y adolescentes con parálisis cerebral de centros especializados se encontró alto índice de caries CPOD, mala higiene oral y presencia de maloclusiones.

Objective. To evaluate oral health indicators in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy in Lima-Peru. Methods. An observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study of a sample of 171 patients from two specialized national referral centers for the 2012- 2013 period who met the inclusion criteria. For the Greene & Vermillion oral hygiene index (OHI), decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMFT) and the dental malocclusion (DM) analysis, 126 children (6.0-11.9 years-old) and 45 adolescents (12.0-19.0 years- old) were evaluated. Results. The OHI was 2.55 (poor hygiene) in the 91.8%, regular OHI in the 8.2% and no one showed a good IHO, observing the same behavior in both age groups. The prevalence of caries was 100% and the DMFT was 4.55 ± 1.56; the children registered a DMFT of 4.52 ± 1.537 and the adolescents 4.64 ± 1.626. The DM was present in 74.3%; the children showed a 69,8% of DM and the adolescents showed 86.7%. In children, a right class I molar relationship (MR) was observed in 42.1% and a left MR in 44.4%; the adolescents showed right Class III in 42.2% and left in 37.8%. In children, the overbite (OB) was not registered in the 33.3% of the cases and it was normal in the 29.4%; the adolescents registered a normal OB in 40%. It was more frequently observed a deviation of the dental midline to the left. Conclusions. In most children and adolescents with cerebral palsy from specialized centers, a high index of DMFT caries, poor oral hygiene and the presence of malocclusions were found.

Potencial Rol de la Periodontitis en la Severidad de COVID-19. Revisión

RESUMEN: Actualmente la asociación entre periodontitis y enfermedades o condiciones sistémicas es ampliamente reconocida. Sin embargo, el rol de la periodontitis en la severidad de COVID-19, se comienza a estudiar. El objetivo de esta revisión es relacionar la presencia de periodontitis como factor asociado en casos más severos de COVID-19. Se aborda el posible rol de la periodontitis y su conexión a través de las citoquinas y otros mecanismos asociados como la senescencia celular y la NETosis, que podrían explicar su influencia en el desarrollo y severidad de COVID-19. Además, se abordan aspectos complementarios como el rol de la higiene oral y mantención de la salud oral como medidas adicionales de prevención.

ABSTRACT: Currently, the association between periodontitis and systemic diseases is widely recognized. However, a potential role of periodontal inflammation on the severity of COVID-19 has recently been studied. The goal of this review is to highlight different mechanisms by which the presence of periodontitis could contribute to the increased severity of COVID-19. These mechanisms include the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, accelerated cellular senescence, and NETosis. We also emphasize the importance of oral hygiene and maintenance of oral health as additional measures to avoid COVID-19 dissemination.

Autopercepción de los Efectos en la Utilización de Dentífricos con Propuesta Aclaradora

RESUMEN: Las exigencias estéticas están aumentando en la sociedad, se sabe que la sonrisa es un factor determinante en la estética facial, y que los dientes blancos están asociados a signo de juventud y salud bucal. Actualmente, cremas dentales con propuesta blanqueador están al alcance de la mayoría de la población, lo que garantiza una mayor demanda de estos productos. Sin embargo, su efectividad aún genera dudas. La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo evaluar la práctica del cepillado con dentífricos que poseen propuesta blanqueadora, la satisfacción, la autopercepción de la respuesta aclaradora y la presencia de hipersensibilidad ocasionada durante su uso. Los datos fueron colectados por medio de cuestionarios, en los que fueron evaluados Pacientes (n=50) atendidos en la Clínica Escuela del Centro Universitário Doutor Leão Sampaio, Académicos de Odontología (n=50) del Centro Universitário Doutor Leão Sampaio y Cirujanos- Dentistas (n=50) actuantes de la ciudad de Juazeiro do Norte, Ceará. Se realizó análisis descriptivo de distribución de frecuencia, y se realizó la prueba de Qui-Cuadrado de Pearson, adoptándose un nivel de significancia del 5 %. Se constató que todos los grupos ya han hecho o hacen uso de dentífricos con propuesta aclaradora. La propaganda influyó en el grupo de pacientes y académicos de odontología, sin embargo, para el grupo de los Cirujanos-Dentistas, ocurrió por conocimiento e influencia de otro profesional Cirujano-Dentista. La autopercepción fue negativa en cuanto a la eficacia blanqueador de estos productos, hubo interrupción, y las principales quejas fueron hipersensibilidad dentitaria y la eficacia blanqueadora, el uso de dentifrícios con propuesta aclaradora no fue recomendado por el grupo estudiado.

ABSTRACT: Aesthetic demands have been increasing in society, it is known that smile is a determining factor in facial aesthetics, and that white teeth are associated with youth sign and oral health. Currently, toothpastes with whitening proposal are within reach of the majority of the population, which ensures a greater demand for these products. However, its effectiveness still raises doubts. This research aimed to evaluate the practice of toothbrushing with toothpastes that have whitening proposal, satisfaction, self-perception of the whitening response and the presence of hypersensitivity caused during its use. The data were collected through questionnaires, in which were evaluated Patients (n=50) attended at the Clinical School of the Centro Universitário Doutror Leão Sampaio, Academics of Dentistry (n=50) of the Centro Universitário Doutror Leão Sampaio and Surgeons-Dentists (n=50) of the city of Juazeiro do Norte, Ceará. Descriptive analysis of frequency distribution was performed, and Pearson's Chi-Square test was performed, adopting a significance level of 5 %. It was found that all groups have made or make use of toothpastes with whitening proposal. The advertisement influenced the group of patients and academics of dentistry, however, for the group of Dentists, occurred by the knowledge and influence of another professional Dental Surgeon. Self-perception was negative regarding the whitening efficacy of these products, there was interruption, and the main complaints were dentin hypersensitivity and the non-whitening efficacy, the use of dentifrices with whitening proposal was not recommended by the group studied.

Higiene Oral y Salud Periodontal en Trabajadores Agrícolas Migrantes y su Asociación con el Alfabetismo Funcional en Salud Oral

RESUMEN: En México las enfermedades orales se encuentran entre las de mayor demanda de atención en los servicios de salud, presentándose en las poblaciones de trabajadores migrantes mayor vulnerabilidad en cuestiones de salud. El alfabetismo funcional en salud oral es la capacidad que los individuos poseen para obtener, procesar y comprender la información de los servicios de salud básica, reflejándose en su salud. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar el estado de higiene oral y su relación con el nivel de alfabetismo funcional (OHLA-S) en salud oral de los trabajadores agrícolas migrantes mexicanos. Estudio de corte transversal, con un tamaño de muestra de 208 sujetos elegidos por conveniencia y calculada con base a un OR esperado. Se incluyeron a sujetos de 18 años o más, con consentimiento informado. Las variables estudiadas fueron: autocuidado, OHLA-S, índice de higiene oral simplificado (IHO-S) e índice periodontal comunitario (IPC). Se aplicó estadística descriptiva y analítica. El 53,0 % de la muestra fueron hombres. La media de edad fue de 30,7±10,8 años. Los promedios de alfabetismo funcional en salud oral, del índice de higiene y del índice periodontal comunitario fueron de 7,8±6,9; 1,7±1,0; y 2,0±0,7 respectivamente. La regresión lineal múltiple del IPC muestra que edad y puntaje del OHLA-S explican el 22,0 % de la varianza y el OHLA-S influye indirectamente en el IHO-S. El promedio del índice de higiene oral de los trabajadores agrícolas migrantes fue bueno y el promedio del índice periodontal comunitario reflejó presencia de gingivitis. Así mismo, presentaron un puntaje bajo de alfabetismo funcional en salud oral; Sin embargo el alfabetismo funcional en salud oral se relacionó de forma significativa con el estado periodontal.

ABSTRACT: In Mexico, oral health disease is among the greatest health care demands in health services. These are evident in the higher vulnerability of migrant worker populations regarding major healthcare issues. Oral health literacy (OHL) is the ability of individuals to obtain, process and understand information of basic health services. The aim of the study was to ascertain the state of oral hygiene and its relation with the level of oral health literacy of Mexican migrant farm workers. A cross-sectional study was carried out, with a sample size of 208 subjects selected for convenience and calculated by the expected OR. Subjects 18 years of age or older with signed informed consent were included. The variables studied were: Oral health literacy, simplified oral hygiene index (OHI-S) and Community Index of Periodontal (CPI). Descriptive and inferential analyses were performed. In this evaluation, 53.0 % of the sample were men. The mean age was 30.7±10.8 years. The average oral health literacy was 7.8±6.9, the average hygiene index was 1.7±1.0 and the community periodontal index was 2.0±0.7. The multiple linear regression of the CPI shows that the age and OHLA-S scores account for 22.0 % of the variance and the OHLA-S indirectly influences the IHO-S. This study reflects the importance of performing health interventions focused not only on oral health knowledge, but also considering the age of the individual and maintaining open future lines of research on this subject in different populations.

The effectiveness of apple, sugar-free chewing gum, Rolly Brush® and tooth brushing in the reduction of plaque index: Crossover randomized clinical trial

Background: The implementation of the self-cleaning practice is of fundamental importance for the maintenance of oral health and to remove the human dental biofilm which is considered the main etiological factor for the development of caries and periodontal diseases. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the use of chewing gum, Rolly Brush® and apples as forms of mechanical control and removal of the dental biofilm in the absence of brushing. Materials and Methods: Eighteen volunteers were submitted to plaque index evaluation after a period of 24 hours of no oral hygiene. Then, they would use one of the methods: chewing gum, Rolly Brush®, apple or tooth brushing, chosen by a draw, for one minute, and then, plaque index was evaluated again. This stage was repeated until all participants were submitted to all selected methods, in periods of 24 hours each. Results: Dental brushing was more effective when compared to each of the other methods applied and there was a statistically significant reduction of dental plaque index after apllying all methods of cleaning in all groups. Conclusion: Chewing gum, Rolly Brush® and apple may be used as auxiliary to dental brushing or when such method is impossible to be performed. Clinicaltrials.gov: number of protocol NCT 03.601.585.

Fundamento: A implementação da prática de autolimpeza é de fundamental importância para a manutenção da saúde bucal e remoção do biofilme dental humano que é considerado o principal fator etiológico para o desenvolvimento de cáries e doenças periodontais. Objetivo: Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a utilização de goma de mascar, Rolly Brush® e maçã como formas de controle mecânico e remoção do biofilme dental na ausência de escovação. Materiais e Métodos: Dezoito voluntários foram submetidos à avaliação do índice de placa após um período de 24 horas sem higiene bucal. Em seguida, utilizariam um dos métodos: goma de mascar, Rolly Brush®, ingerir uma maçã e escovar os dentes, escolhida por sorteio, por um minuto, e então, o índice de placa era novamente avaliado. Essa etapa foi repetida até que todos os participantes fossem submetidos a todos os métodos selecionados, em períodos de 24 horas cada. Resultados: A escovação dentária foi mais eficaz quando comparada a cada um dos outros métodos aplicados e houve redução estatisticamente significativa do índice de placa dentária após a aplicação do método de limpeza em todos os grupos. Conclusão: Goma de mascar, Rolly Brush® e maçã podem ser utilizados como auxiliares da escovação dentária ou quando tal método for impossível de ser realizado. Clinicaltrials.gov: Número do protocolo NCT 03.601.585.

Oral health status of female hospitalized psychiatric patients in Jazan: A Case-control study / Estado de saúde bucal de pacientes psiquiátricas hospitalizadas em Jazan: Um Estudo de caso-controle

Objectives: Poor oral health is an important determinant of general health in patients with mental illnesses. The present study was conducted to evaluate the dental and periodontal status of hospitalized female psychiatric patients in Jazan city, Saudi Arabia. Material and Methods: This study included 82 subjects: 37 psychiatric female patients, and 45 age- and gender- matched healthy controls. Dental caries experience (decayed, missing, and filled teeth index ( DMFT ) and periodontal health status were recorded. SPSS version 21 was used for data analysis, and p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The mean ages were comparable among the two groups. Psychiatric patients showed poor oral hygiene practices, with only 56.6% reported regularly brushing their teeth as compared with 82.2% of controls (P < 0.05). Control subjects had significantly higher DMFT mean scores than psychiatric female patients. However, psychiatric patients had significantly higher mean scores of missing teeth (M component) and lower restored teeth (F component) as compared with controls. Moreover, the mean attachment loss scores were significantly higher in the psychiatric group (0.76±1.58) compared with controls (0.23; 0.44 p < 0.01). Conclusion: Psychiatric patients showed poor oral hygiene practices and a high prevalence of untreated dental caries and periodontal diseases. Effective oral health promotion strategies need to be implemented to improve the oral health and oral health practices of this group of people. (AU)

Objetivo: A má saúde bucal é um importante determinante da saúde geral em pacientes com doenças mentais. O presente estudo foi realizado para avaliar o estado dentário e periodontal de pacientes psiquiátricos do sexo feminino hospitalizados na cidade de Jazan, Arábia Saudita. Material e Métodos: Este estudo incluiu 82 indivíduos: 37 pacientes psiquiátricas do sexo feminino e 45 controles saudáveis pareados por idade e gênero. A experiência de cárie dentária (índice de dentes cariados, perdidos e obturados (CPOD) e o estado de saúde periodontal foram registrados. O progama SPSS versão 21 foi usado para a análise dos dados, e o valor de p <0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo. Resultados: As médias das idades foram comparáveis entre os dois grupos. Pacientes psiquiátricos mostraram práticas de higiene bucal precárias, sendo que apenas 56,6% relataram escovar os dentes regularmente, em comparação com 82,2% dos controles (P <0,05). Os indivíduos controle tiveram pontuações médias de CPOD significativamente mais altas do que as pacientes psiquiátricas. Os pacientes tiveram escores médios significativamente maiores de dentes perdidos (componente P) e dentes restaurados menores (componente O) em comparação com os controles. Além disso, os escores médios de perda de inserção foram significativamente maiores no grupo psiquiátrico (0,76 ± 1,58) em comparação com os controles (0,23 ± 0,44;p <0,01). Conclusão: Pacientes psiquiátricos apresentaram práticas inadequadas de higiene bucal e uma alta prevalência de cárie dentária e doença periodontal não tratada. Estratégias eficazes de promoção da saúde bucal precisam ser implementadas para melhorar a saúde bucal e as práticas de saúde bucal desse grupo de pessoas (AU)

Índice de higiene oral simplificado en escolares de 6 años de edad, Ecuador, 2016 / Simplified oral hygiene index in schoolchildren of 6 years of age, Ecuador, 2016

Resumen Introducción: La salud bucal tiene una relación dinámica con la salud general y la calidad de vida de los pacientes. Objetivo del estudio realizado fue determinar el índice de Higiene Oral Simplificado en niños de 6 años de edad de la parroquia Chiquintad del cantón Cuenca, en el año 2016. Métodos: Se manejó una muestra de 51 escolares de ambos sexos, se utilizó el Índice de Higiene Oral Simplificado de Greene y Vermillion aplicado en dentición decidua que consta de un índice de placa blanda y el índice de placa calcificada. Conclusiones: La media de IHO-S en la parroquia Chiquintad fue 0,458 sin presentar una diferencia significativa entre los sexos. El nivel de higiene oral fue bueno en ambos sexos (90%), no se presentó una diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre ambos (valor p 0,389).

Abstract Introduction: Oral health has a dynamic relationship with the general health and quality of life of patients. Objective: of the study was to determine the Simplified Oral Hygiene Index in 6-year-old children of the Chiquintad of the Cantón Cuenca, in the year 2016. Methods: A sample of 51 schoolchildren of both sexes was used, the Hygiene Index was used Simplified oral of Greene and Vermillion applied in deciduous dentition consisting of a soft plaque index and calcified plaque index. Conclusions: The mean of IHO-S in the Chiquintad parish was 0.458 without presenting a significant difference between the sexes. The level of oral hygiene was good in both sexes (90%), there was no statistically significant difference between the two (p value 0.389).

The Oral Microbiota: A Literature Review for Updating Professionals in Dentistry. Part I / La microbiota oral: una revisión de literatura para la actualización de profesionales en odontología. Parte I

Abstract In recent decades, a body of literature examining the relationships between oral health and general health has rapidly developed. However, the biological mechanisms involved in explaining such relationships have not been fully described. Recent evidence has suggested that these relationships could be partially explained by the composition and interaction of the microbiome/microbiota between local and systemic body sites. For instance, it has been suggested that intestinal microbiota could have effects on non-communicable diseases, such as diabetes or cardiovascular diseases. The objective of this study is to explore current evidence of the link between oral and systemic diseases, to discuss whether oral microbiome/microbiota could represent an unexplored biological pathway partially explaining those relationships. A non-systematic review of the literature was carried out using keyword searches in Pubmed from February to May 2019. The ultimate goal was to present recent scientific evidence to update the general knowledge on this topic to professionals in dentistry. This review is divided in two parts for journal publication; however, it is intended to be used as one piece. In this first part, we will summarize the conceptual background of oral microbiome/microbiota, we will describe the main methods used in microbiology to characterize oral organisms, and will present the main composition of bacteria in oral microbiome/microbiota. The second part highlights the main evidence regarding the biological plausibility that links oral microbiome and systemic diseases and we will conclude with some future research recommendations. Taking into account the role of oral microbiota in the development of systemic diseases could change the main paradigm of how oral health is currently conceptualized by dental professionals.

Resumen En las últimas décadas, se ha acumulado evidencia sobre las relaciones existentes entre la salud oral y la salud general. Sin embargo, los mecanismos biológicos implicados en la explicación de tales relaciones no se han logrado describir completamente. Investigaciones recientes han sugerido que parte de esta relación se podría explicar por la composición e interacción del microbioma o la microbiota a nivel local y sistémico. Por ejemplo, la evidencia ha mostrado que la microbiota intestinal parece tener efectos sobre enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles, como la diabetes o las enfermedades cardiovaculares. En esta revisión bibliográfica, se han seleccionado algunos estudios que han tratado de hipotetizar que el microbioma y la microbiota oral podrían representar un mecanismo biológico poco explorado que podría explicar parcialmente las relaciones que se han observado entre condiciones orales y enfermedades sistémicas. El objetivo de esta revisión es analizar la evidencia actual que explica los posibles mecanismos que desempeñan un papel en las asociaciones entre la salud oral y la salud sistémica. La hipótesis discutida es que el microbioma y microbiota oral podría ser un mecanismo biológico que podría explicar parcialmente las influencias de las enfermedades orales sobre la salud general. Se realizó una revisión no sistemática de la literatura entre febrero y mayo del 2019 en la plataforma PubMed. El objetivo final es presentar evidencia científica reciente para actualizar el conocimiento general sobre este tema para los profesionales en odontología. Esta revisión se presenta en dos partes por consideraciones editoriales, sin embargo, la intención es que ambas sean leídas como una sola pieza. En esta primera parte, se presentarán las bases conceptuales, se describirán los principales métodos utilizados en microbiología para caracterizar los organismos orales y se mencionará la composición descrita en la literatura de los principales microorganismos presentes en la microbiota oral. En la segunda parte, se sintetizará la evidencia principal sobre la plausibilidad biológica que vincula el microbioma oral y las enfermedades sistémicas, y concluiremos con algunas recomendaciones de investigación futuras. Esta perspectiva podría cambiar el paradigma principal de cómo se conceptualiza actualmente la salud oral por parte de los profesionales en odontología.

Eficácia das técnicas de higiene oral em pacientes internados em unidades de terapia intensiva / Effectiveness of oral hygiene techniques in patients hospitalized in intensive care units

Objetivo: verificar a eficácia das técnicas de higiene oral, solução de clorexidina com gaze e espátula e da escovação dentária com solução de clorexidina no controle microbiológico oral de pacientes internados em UTI. Metodologia: as bases de dados utilizadas foram PUB MED, MEDLINE, SCIELO e LILACS em março a julho de 2019. Foram incluídos artigos na língua inglesa e portuguesa, disponíveis em livre acesso com o texto completo, com período de publicação entre 2009 a 2019 e que abordassem sobre os métodos de higiene oral na UTI e relacionasse a enfermidades encontradas nesse ambiente. Resultados: foram encontrados 32 artigos, 8 se enquadravam nos critérios de inclusão. Os artigos de revisão evidenciaram a importância da higiene oral em pacientes com ventilação mecânica e relatam o uso da clorexidina como método eficaz na prevenção de PAV. Já nos estudos clínicos randomizados, mostram não haver diferença estatisticamente significativa entre o uso da escova dental e a solução de clorexidina 0,12%. Conclusão: ambos os métodos são eficientes na higienização oral de pacientes internados e que não há diferença significativa nos estudos quando comparam a escova de dentes com o uso da clorexidina com gaze para a higiene oral na UTI. Mas quando se fala em prevenção de PAV, a clorexidina 0,12% é o mais citado(AU)

Objective: to verify the effectiveness of oral hygiene techniques, chlorhexidine solution with gauze and spatula and toothbrushing with chlorhexidine solution in the oral microbiological control of patients admitted to the ICU. Methodology: the databases used were PUB MED, MEDLINE, SCIELO and LILACS in March to July 2019. Articles in English and Portuguese were included, freely available with the full text, with a period of publication between 2009 and 2019 and to address oral hygiene methods in the ICU and relate to diseases found in that environment. Results: 32 articles were found, 8 fit the inclusion criteria. The review articles highlighted the importance of oral hygiene in patients with mechanical ventilation and report the use of chlorhexidine as an effective method in preventing VAP. In randomized clinical studies, however, they show no statistically significant difference between the use of the toothbrush and the 0.12% chlorhexidine solution. Conclusion: both methods are efficient in oral hygiene of hospitalized patients and that there is no significant difference in the studies when comparing the toothbrush with the use of chlorhexidine with gauze for oral hygiene in the ICU. But when talking about VAP prevention, 0.12% chlorhexidine is the most cited(AU)